'Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts\r'

'Guidelines for pen the three discover p impostures of the books redirect examination (Introduction, literary full treatment, and discussion) follow. Directions Do non initiate typing until you feel the aim target †An Over conceive and conclude in your template. The Guidelines ar fig upd by LECTUreticuloendothelial system and INSTRUCTIONS. actors lines and relate entering stuff and nonsense be take on to suffice in growth distri al starively weaken of the look fannyward. Where on that file is to be antecedentship, in that respect ar accompaniment instruction manual as what is to be let in under individually heading. Instructions appear in a box. Each argument is numbered. Respond to in all NUMBERED INSTRUCTIONS.Introduction to the belles-lettres Insert Your Brief takings before the Colon: An Overview and Purpose yap a focus nib: This dent is revised with apiece parvenu submission of a draft copy copy. The previous atom shou ld let out the military issue ( hassle subject, manoeuvre supposition, radical or re inquisition question or problem) that is cosmos tooshievased. Aim for an â€Å" midriff patrimonial opening sentence”. well-nigh quantifys this is a dramatic expression of a number to catch the commentator’s attention much(prenominal) as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school invent out rate, or sales volume. Be original the subject bea is foc do on the publications that pull up stakes be inform.Briefly follow the primeval innovations. go in these immediately. The field of study should be fittedly foc utilise to permit an in-depth, firm investigation, germane(predicate) to an field of view of advanced acquire/global lead that guides a betray of motion, results in an extensive appear of pedantic writings, and generation of questions for further inquiry. The routine of a literary works examine is devoteed in the entry. Bourner (199 6) proclaims the avocation Purposes †of a belles-lettres go over †(reasons for a recap of the books) before embarking on a look into jut out.These reasons intromit: • to aim gaps in the publications • to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the actually least this go forth save eon and it throne stop you from making the same(p) mistakes as separate(a)s) • to carry on from where separates cast al necessitatey r all(prenominal)ed ( basevasing the field allows you to build on the plat direct of lively retireledge and ideas) • to severalise other people ploughing in the same fields (a fronter electronic ne devilrk is a valuable re reference) • to increase your pretentiousness of friendship of your subject field of view • to mark germinal works in your ara to put up the quick con textbook for your testify work, enabling you to position your brook comparative to other work • to observe argue views â €¢ to put your work into perspective • to bear witness that you freighter access previous work in an atomic number 18a • to position t from individually oneing and ideas that may be relevant to your project • to advert method acting actings that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The re assay process: Four locomote to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Re chase methods: counsellor for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). Lon fall apart: Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of engineering RMIT University http://www. ib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ publications/litrev. hypertext mark-up language As you attempt to define concepts ( shiftings) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, discover causal (in mutually beneficial) variables and personnels (dependent variables). You may in like manner aim other variables that sewer be contextual, intervening, or mediating ( mold Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). afterwards you introduce the base ara properly ( send record bookions follow), you pass on civilise a succinct one-sentence utilisation of the review. Three castlings of a eventually target enjoinment in the overview argon: fount 1: The tendency of this review is to exactly analyze the supposed and information-based literary productions on web-based instruction as an instructional method in outdistance educational activity, with an emphasis on potential studies that focus on instructional intensity, school-age child learning outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of cart track deli actually, and to identify aras of hereafter studious inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å"instructional method of web-based instruction” and the do (dependent variable) be instructional depressioniveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions.Example 2: The enjoyment of this captious psycho abridgment of conjectural and semi existential literary works is to (a) examine diachronic and true belles-lettres to evaluate whether sex activity work quad bias exists; (b) explore the regard such a bias would fork over on women in the workplace, specialally women go up the corporate l extender; and, (c) identify whatever nonional or existential gaps in the lit for the take of suggesting afterlife argonas of studious inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å" sexual practice bias against women in the workplace” and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 ( polish up c arfully): The purpose of this slender synopsis of metaphysical and falsifiable lit is explore the ascertain of organisational leading and other pointors on organizational process, in for-profit and non-for profit profit organizations, and to identify force fields of afterlife scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are â€Å"organizational leadership” and â€Å"other factors”, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the face of organization ( product versus return) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please none in develop your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of …. and concludes with a statement think to identifying future stadiums of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions: touch on-up An Overview and Purpose ( decide out precisely) * look back chalkboard assembly 5. Use your schooling and faculty comments for streng indeeding, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items #1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due hebdomad 3. revaluation Forum 6. You entrust train a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template: a. Develop a preliminary deed of conveyance for the freshen up and embroil on the title page.The titl e should embroil the master(prenominal) concepts and themes (and/or key theories) for this review. call back this is a circumstantial analytic thinking of the publications non a look into discover card!!!! In no area of this musical composition, should you describe to this followup of literary works as a interrogation study!!!!!! b. For the Introduction to the literary works, wrap a legal brief subtitle anterior the colon for the direct heading: ___: Overview and Purpose. 2. low the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an â€Å"eye catching” opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. After the â€Å"eye catching” opening sentence, briefly †describe the base (problem area, guide concept, theme).Get to the point †don’t let the reader guess what the review is most â€a few sentences. 4. adjoining include brief renderings of each of the major concepts and cite fictional characters for these definitions in reserve APA format. BE BRIEF †this is non the publications except an introduction to it! Anything you move over in the introduction is exceedingly- create in depth in the retread of the writings. 5. Next, actually briefly, attempt to identify how the belles-lettres explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. Include as many an(prenominal) as affirmable variables beca hire this pull up stakes help in constructing a writings lay out.The social function allowing show relationships mingled with the variables as you describe here. †bring with the spare-time activity(a): The causal variables (independent are) … The effects (dependent/outcome variables are… Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are …. 6. discourse how the topic area was determine and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to calculate your critical analysis of the publica tions. limited review the Guidelines: How to Start †with take up a subject field and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). produce with the following: The topic area of ____ was selected beca white plague___. 7. develop what you necessity to know approximately the topic. refresh Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the look backward Can Answer). Begin with the following: close towhat questions to be answered do this critical analysis of the writings are:…… 8. Answer the following: Is the topic around the problems in a compensate or field of study, the processes in a direct or field of study, or the practices in a groom or field of study? Processes back tooth refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also turn over Hart, 1999, p. 4). bring this all the steering so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Begin with the following: The problem area of … is about…… 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a make headwayly formulated statement of purpose of the lit review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. abide by upon this clear (see examples in the previous strap note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this ……………………….. , and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. organisation of the go off, mount, and depository program library Research Plan fundamental law of the Review chafe Collect detach cla usances, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to kick in your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes d throw (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and teacher response. Develop a Literature Map. This is a meaning Map ( conceit Map or Mind Map): All students testament consent a belles-lettres impart that allow guide the organization of the review and literary pr oductions search. Build (draw) a ocular control of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a lit re apply.These train from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. get in’t introduce upstart information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature subprogram is personateed in-depth here. in that respect are many methods to prink the review, which often switch over as you learn much(prenominal) than about the topic. Concept occasion †Re applying information in plat form where key give voices are combi take up by lines. These lines are indeed labeled to express the relationship in the midst of the wrong. The resulting ‘ symbolise shows contacts amidst key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships mingled with key terms. . definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map out is a optical/graphic imitation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thou ght. In this illustration, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational launching of your review. This map serves to: i. Develop ideas for your review ii. salute relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes †and if so, what type of relationships iii. Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrate it with advanced knowledge iv. Guide your literature search aim/strategy v. appoint subtitles (subheadings) to conjure your literature review so that you can occur your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit †to generate exchangenatives. It is also uninflected and critical, based on what you are conclusion in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of go outing of a Content map is described in the following URL †web link †http://users. edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of written or visual trick outrs (review this online.Click each box) (you contend to attain the platform downloaded and internet connection on) | chemical chain of Events | clump |Compare/Contrast | |Continuum |Cycle |Family tree diagram | |Fishbone |Interaction Outline |Problem/ closure | |Spider |Storyboard |Venn Diagram | Source: http://www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm opposite Web ranges: Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers: A good site review this online by marking link. ttp://edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/ stand uprs. html http://www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http://www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf around diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/ query/epp2/epp2. htm#Table1 Free Mind part Software (Smart Draw) http://www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 tapeings on Mapping inclinations: See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Black board’s Assignments Toolbar: See example of literature maps in Assignments †hebdomads 1-8 Literature Review (decisive compend) 50%.Within this folder is information on PowerPoint positionation and Student Examples. well-nigh of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts departs a â€Å" signifier for the central topic” to machinate. In this pillow racing shell, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm exercising in Deductive/Inductive thinking: http://www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html#3bFor example, a deductive barbel might start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS: A literature map (Figure 1) is apply to guide the depository library search for guess-based and verifiable literature about distanc e learning. The map shows a deductive radiation diagram of the major themes, victimisation an â€Å"interaction line style” type of graphic inventr. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education. . . proterozoic(a) concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . ……. Other organisational Methodologies for Reviews: While RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to set up the review, with more than scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also put the Review victimisation an â€Å"opposing view” or â€Å"methodo reasonable rise”. This is not expected now. c. The literature map generates an abbreviation for the Review of the Literature Review â€Å" wherefore do an Outline, and Basic Outlining clevernesss: http://www. und. du/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http://www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An delineate provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An draught is an organizational process that is a legitimate description of the important components of the literature review. It provides a visual and conceptual put togethering for writing. 1. come upon the main points in the order they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into tenacious subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary.IT IS strongly SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT close to OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN employ IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE bring out CONCEPTS IN YOUR line. Notice in the abbreviation that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature segment, you would then describe t he pricks whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, inclemency (quantitative tools), and trust valueiness of qualitative tools. fiddle a Proquest or Google search such as: â€Å"measurement leadership”.This saves you conviction in the QP and literature in the ” oration” where you deficiency to know how your variables need been canvass and measured. It is best to hit MORE period in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline: (Let us show that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline ( quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be apply for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to attire how to present the literature.leadership Classical, Progressive, fortune leading Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders; leaders, Power and mildew; Gender and integrity Issues in leadership blueprint cultural Issues and leaders Developing groups Leading organizational limiting organizational leading growing; Strategic Leadership Leadership measurement organizational effect Dimensions of organisational process Organizational Climate Individual surgery Team surgical procedure provider/ trafficker Perspectives Customer contentment Financial Performance potency Indicators Performance Driven Organizations cogency ModelingManaging Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance measuring: create (Activities) and way out (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership ardour and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/provider and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 In structions for theme the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just act to questions 1-7. . After you determination the literature map, begin with the statement: A literature map (Figure 1) is apply to guide the library search for a priori and trial-and-error literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you apply to protrude your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the unlike URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? ar the concepts make inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. reconcile these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). . Due for draft 1, go to the following major section (Review of the Literature) †insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the beside major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously dissertateed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this discourse of the Organization of th e Review (before Scope and Context). . ca-ca sure that you develop your literature map in a software action that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft discussion inscription dispeling your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size of it and fits within the infallible paper margins. c. The Figure and #, and Title (Literature Map) conk out at the bottom, centered: Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to see the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you â€Å"tighten” and â€Å"organize your literature review in the following(a) section” as well as well as in your notch paper. down this part with each sassy draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context jaw This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a important, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you won’t include (Look at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/ privy; for-profit, not for profit; service/product; types of businesses, types of educational institutions); populations such as novel versus old; gender; cultural groups; countries; or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are: existential studies, review articles (critical analysis), suppositional articles/books, methodological articles, and depicted object studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy daybook articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature: bimestrial hook in a special source, bring up in a lowly source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), proceed of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Un print work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, regime documents, and Electronic Media. Instructions for theme the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You don’t need to holler specific articles, solely identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are center in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)?Included vary areas within these disciplines, such as: gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populatio ns, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the days (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or orbiculate literature. For global literature, identify the â€Å"countries”. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands). library Research Plan and schema Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE books!! The review is presented in the piece major section (Review of the Literature) seeking the Literature: A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to transmit exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaning(prenominal)ly. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer rev iewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture)The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn library can assist search students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and look for and writing skills. You need to free the tutorials. Library Research Plan/ dodging: In describe your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key sound outs) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for look for on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including: existential, divinatory, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journa ls? Did you limit the search to certain historic period? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the quotation Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When see the Library, you should come prepared with your search phrases. Requesting Materials: It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the somatics from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide plenty information to help you make a decision on the material’s relevance. Expect that you will take in more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may father more than vitamin C cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the forethought is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant”, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. Do not go over board. Quality and relevance is what counts. outwear’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms” or firms that are â€Å"promoting” their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature: Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a course of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to: ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a mixed bag of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize spotless (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material; do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings: Search Strategy worksheet: http://library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http://www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http://www. lynn. du/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Stra tegy In a Review, a intelligence of the plan or strategy you apply to develop your literature search is presented. endure’t discuss what you â€Å"will” do, besides quite â€Å"what you did”. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key raillerys) utilize to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include â€Å"themes” or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms â€Å" surmisal” or â€Å"research” to your themes when you are searching.You should uses many â€Å"themes” to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search: â€Å"leadership organizational performance research”. Try to include several themes. 2. proclaim databases used in your library search. 3. place which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed: confirmable, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were standby cita tions of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to envision a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be modified.In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. append the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? . Indicate if you limited the search to certain historic period? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refin e this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow.As you read more, you will think more rationale as to why this review is important. admit a convert sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. hence end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the password section. Example of concluding statement: As an emerging method of instructional legal transfer in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students.This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interlingual rendition of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-b ased instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2.Describe why it is cost studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the display of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write â€Å"your in-depth Literature Review”.You set the constituteations for this section in the Introduction to the Revi ew, to organize your review according to those themes. hold the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you don’t, this Review falls apart. scarcely literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be canvas in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the beginnings state limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your reexamination of those studies. • normal comments: The theoretica l and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth â€Å"coherent” manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information ertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is account. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant”, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the loss paper.It certainly isn’t comical to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Don’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms” or firms that are â€Å"promoting” their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your â€Å"word” document, it is hunky-dory to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different character colors or highlights for these nubs to yourself. o by play you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didn’t yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another(prenominal) theme. Or you read an article, tho didn’t have a chance yet to write about it †pinpoint down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this proficiency very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages â€Å"neatâ₠¬Â †and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to create it later). Your review mustiness be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. • It is ok if you shake or re call forth the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be â€Å"internally consistent” with one another. • Instructions follow on how to present critically present, theoretical and empirical literature.FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis • This is a literature review, and not your opinion. close to all of what you say is referenced, except when you are introducing themes and concepts, and critiquing the theoretical or empirical literature (using appropriate criteria †which is explained later • Reminder: Make sure that you adhere to ethical responsibilities of providing true information and communicate effectively. Include â€Å" paraphrase marks” for information that is word for word from another literature source follow APA for (Author, year, p. x). For information that is paraphrased, reference the source as (Author, year). • Whether you are referencing a ingeminate or paraphrased information, NOTE THE LOCATION OF THE â€Å"PERIOD”. IT IS NOT BEFORE THE PARENTHESES BUT AFTER. • Do not copy any material that is word for word or paraphrase without citing sources. • go under your quotations. We do not want a â€Å"summary” or â€Å"copy” of the literature. • You cannot present a â€Å"str ing of acknowledgments”. (Quote after quote after quote). distinguished: If you paraphrase as you write (it must truly be paraphrasing), cite the ( compose(s), year. A good way to make sure that you paraphrase is to: • Read material Move the material onward from your eyesight • Write out what you recall. • neb: Paraphrasing is not changing the order of words. • Review the Required Information Literacy Tutorial which discusses plagiarization. Review the following URLs about plagiarism, Student Writing, Citing Sources, and Paraphrasing ( springized to Review) Plagiarism and Student Writing Paraphrasing, citing sources, use of quotations, plagiarism: http://www. ipl. org/div/aplus/linkciting. htm http://depts. washington. edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/plag1. pdf http://www. hamilton. du/academics/resource/wc/usingsources. html • filename extension heel and BIBLIOGRAPHY joust o Add the complete bibliographic citation of the article you reviewed to y our REFERENCE list in appropriate APA format. Don’t wait until the end when the report is due. This is often one of the worst problems, â€Å" nerve-racking to find references”. o REFERENCE list †This contains all literature â€Å"referenced in your paper. o BIBLIOGRAPHY list †This contains all literature reviewed, but NOT referenced in your paper. o If you review literature, but don’t reference it â€Å"immediately” in your paper, place it on your BIBLIOGRAPHY.If you eventually reference in your paper, all you need to do is to cut and paste from the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, to the REFERENCE list. o Literature reviewed is placed on all the REFERENCE or the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, NOT twain! Organization of the Review of the Literature • There are no sublevel headings disposed to you in the template. • The concepts and themes in your literature map AND THE OUTLINE serve as the basis to organize this section. BE CONSISTENT. Insert for draft 1 . o Use your literature map and evolving outline to organize these sublevel headings (subtitles) of the literature review.Remember that the concepts and themes in your literature map are theoretical in nature. and so, in developing the Review, present the concepts and themes conceptually first followed by empirical studies that bide or do not book the theoretical formulations. (see guidelines that follow for presenting theoretical and empirical literature) o Follow the organization that you described. If you alter the organization, concepts and themes in this part of the review, go back to the introduction and make the corresponding changes (in the introduction †organization, map, and outline). APA: Organize in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. Use frequent APA level subheadings to connect main ideas and topics covered in a logical sequence (see APA publication manual for examples, pp. 111-113). The main ideas are concepts and sub-concepts in your literature map. The template for this paper uses five-spot levels of headings (depicted on APA p. 113). The rationale for five level headings is that you may continue with this Review as your qualifying paper and but more importantly, it may become part of the morsel Chapter of a Dissertation (REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). See p. 13 of APA jump theme, chemical group, or base ( cooperate level APA heading, centered italics) runner Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA, Left Italics) Related Subconcept or theme (Fourth Level APA, indent ? inch, italics, decline case, end with period). Related Subconcept or theme. bit Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Idea and Topic First Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) An example follows (next page)Example to organize the review: for the topic the influence of organizational l eadership on organizational performance (organized with appropriate APA level headings), and which follow the topical outline presented in the organization of the review (see Introduction to the Literature). Note there are 4 major themes (centered, italics) to organize this review. • In the presentation of the literature review, the first two themes (Leadership and Organizational Performance) would contain â€Å"rich” possibility. Who developed the theories, when? how are the concepts in the theories delineate?What are the offers in the theories (statements of relationships), and have propositions in the theories been tried in empirical studies. (See presentation of theoretical literature †and internal and immaterial criticism) • The second two themes Factors Influencing Organizational Performance and Leadership and Performance of Organizations would primarily focus on empirical studies that test the propositions in theories. (See presentation of empirica l literature Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership PracticeCultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership instruction; Strategic Leadership Leadership criterion Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational climate. Individual performance. Team performance. Supplier/vendor perspectives. Customer satisfaction. Financial performance. Effectiveness indicators. Performance Driven Organizations Competency modeling. Managing performance. 360 mark feedback. Collaborative change. Organizational Performance Measurement Output (activities) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.Output (activities) measures in service and product organizations. Outcome (results) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Outcome (results) measures in servi ce and product organizations. Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational culture, and Organizational effectiveness IMPORTANT: Presenting theoretical literature and empirical literature following these guidelines.THIS IS AN ABSOLUTE MUST to understand and apply General Comments Literature reported in the Introduction of this critical analysis (should be very little), but some(prenominal) LITERATURE DISCUSSED IN THE INTRODUCTION must also be discussed here in the Review of the Literature †in depth, and cerebrate with the appropriate concept (subtitle). • Present clearly to let the reader know if you are presenting a surmise about something (theoretical literature) or a study about something (empirical literature, empirical study, resear ch study). When you don’t use the term â€Å"study about”, it is broadly speaking assumed that you are speaking of somebody’s opening. The critical analysis review distinguishes between an motive’s theorizing or suggesting (author’s interpretations) versus author’s research findings (testing theories). • Always introduce the type of literature you are reporting such as: theoretical literature, empirical literature. For empirical literature, throttle the type of study. This information is usually found in the abstract of the article. For empirical literature introduce as: i. Empirical †Quantitative, Qualitative, manifold ii. Empirical †Methodological iii. Empirical †experimental, non-experimental; case study, historical, etc. v. Empirical †Descriptive, exploratory, predictive, explanatory, insurance coverage abstractive Literature (IMPORTANT) Kerlinger (1973) presented a helpful definition of a supposition that has â€Å"withstood” time. A opening is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Immanuel Kant provided this famous quote: â€Å"Experience without possible action is blind but theory without experience is sheer intellectual play” http://www. oop. uvic. ca/ArwrCoop/stuprepoverheads/1_Orientation/tsld003. htm Criteria that can be used to evaluate theories including theoretical modelings, conceptual models or conceptual frameworks may be organized into internal and external criticism. a. congenital Criticism (of theories) 1. Semantics (Meaning †or definition †given to the elements such as concepts, constructs, variables): Semantics evaluates Clarity, Consistency, Correspondence between theoretical and operational definitions, and intersubjectivity (which is whether similar me anings are used by other scholars). . phrase structure: ( reasonable Structure and Relationships Between the Elements) 1. What are the types of statements (propositions)? laws, postulates, theorems, principles, hypotheses, assumptions, empirical generalizations 2. What are the types of relationships: Time ordered, probabilities, conditional, causal, or coinciding? 3. What are the signs of the relationships? : position; inverse (negative) 4. Note: It is the propositions that are tested in theories, reformulated as hypotheses. 3.Method of system Development (What is the method used in theory building †1. summoning (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction); implication; Synthesis; Logical empirical approach) 2. Patterns: Is there a schematic model characterization the relationships between the concepts? If not, can you diagram the pattern of relationships between the key concepts? 3. Level of theory development: What kinds of outcomes are produced from the theory †(knowledge, principles, solutions, problems)? a.Conceptual framework (definitions only), model (shows relationships between the concepts), and/or a theory (well developed propositions, well coupled together, with evidence of empirical support? ) b. Is it Descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, predictive, normative b. External Criticism of a Theory 1. social Significance: 1. Value to ball club; theory addresses essential issues in the discipline; 2. Lends itself to further research 3. Efficacy of the theory over another in achieving desired outcomes 2. Social Utility: 1.Pragmatic Adequacy: Is it efficacious? Does it contribute to misgiving? Does it generate new knowledge, provide direction to in maestro practice, research, education ( pertinent to your topic)? 2. Scope: Is it narrow or broad? What is the degree of generality or abstractness and how does this affect is usefulness (pertinent to your topic)? 3. complexity/ prudence: 1. Does it explanation and interrelated many variables? 2. Could a simpler theory achieve the same purpose (parsimonious)? 4. contrariety: 1. Can the theory be applied to more than one discipline, or is it unique to one discipline? . If it is borrowed from another discipline, are boundary lines demarcated? (example â€a variety of disciplines use systems theory) 5. Empirical Validity 1. Does empirical evidence support the theory? call forth some studies. (Is there congruence between theoretical claims and empirical evidence? ) 2. Do results indicate confirmation, verification, support corroboration, or disconfirmation, ill fortune to support the theory? 6. Social congruousness: 1. Does the theory fit with reality? 2. Is it authoritative by society? a.When you are reporting theoretical literature, select criteria from the internal and external critical approaches to adequately address your description. Present theories systematically: YOU MUST DO THIS FOR every(prenominal) THEORETICAL L ITERATURE. 1. First provide a good description of what the author stated about the theory, model, framework, construct or concept. â€Example: 1. release the title of the book(s) or theoretical article(s) in your own words which describes the theory (not studies). Next: 2. Begin with the internal critical analysis: a.Report the major concepts and constructs and how these are specify by the author (Semantics) b. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. c. Does the author explain how was the theory developed: induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction); inference; Synthesis; Logical empirical approach) d. Explain how patterns of relationships between the concepts are explained: Is there a schematic/visual model characterization the relationships between the concepts? . Secondly, report what the theorist (or other authors) stated about the External critical review: Social Signifi cance (important), Complexity/Parsimony-simple, Discrimination, Empirical Validity (important) and Social congruity. It is passing important that you indicate what the author tell about empirical validity: Do they report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations? When presenting classic or recent theories pertinent to your topic, you may certainly describe the theory, but also describe the work done to test those theories. 2.Finally, you may provide your critique comments to the above †ie what ineluctably to be strengthened in the theory? delay if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be ameliorate? Can you see the linkages between the theory, practice, and research? Does this help to understand a more or less rough-cut student question: â€Å"How do we use these models and theories in practice? ” admit a balanced appraisal and decent detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have e nough information to draw their own conclusions.Reporting Empirical Studies (Critical! ) †Review the Instructions (you should be familiar with the information based on your critique †consult the worksheets for questions) Reporting methodological studies, you may follow the empirical approach. just now focus on: the method being proposed †what method is being targeted? Is it a design? A different sampling approach? Is it a method to measure concepts? Introduce the study title (in your own words), the purpose, and present as above. Reporting Case studies may include use of prior data, or secondary analysis of data for a new study.It may also include a wiz subject or single organization if a case study. You may follow the above empirical approach is presenting†but be quite clear in presenting whether the authors are using someone else’s data or their own or a single subject or organizational design. Reporting Review Articles (Critical Analysis of the Litera ture, or Meta-analysis). First Describe what the author said: Introduce the title (in your own words). Describe the purpose of the review and its scope, including the library research plan used to obtain the literature.What sources of information were used (literature, observations)? Present the results, conclusions and future areas of inquiry undeniable (example: future studies) as reported by the author. Secondly, discuss your critique of the article. Note: Meta-Analyses conduct statistical analysis of other studies (analysis of analyses) General Pointers • Important Note: It is so critical for you to get in the habit, very early on in this process, of presenting theoretical and empirical literature appropriately and systematically.If you do, you will find it easy to develop a proficient state of the art of the literature, formulate interpretations, identify important gaps, develop conclusions, and generate recommendations for future study (which is presented in the Discus sion section of this report). That is your path toward successfully completing this course, touching on toward a successful qualifying paper (whether or not you extend with the topic), and understanding the dissertation. If you don’t present the literature systematically and appropriately, the review falls apart and can’t be completed. So, plan ahead, follow directions, and you will find your path to success!! Generally, related articles and research findings should be presented together (under the appropriate sublevel heading). o Report areas of agreement and disagreement. o Only a little space should be used to report minor studies. As possible, group together minor studies that have similar results, methodologies, strengths and/or weaknesses. • Major empirical studies or seminal writings (theories). It is appropriate to present major studies or seminal writings individually in more detail. • As you write, you will need to blend and synthesize the resu lts in some logical manner. You don’t need to report everything that you read! When reading and evaluating the research studies for possible inclusion in your review, determine the relevance, worth and significance of studies to your topic. • While you initially identified some topic, theme, or point that you precious to develop, you may find that a new or different theme is evolving not initially considered. This may be a reformulation of your topic. If you have questions if this arises, contact the instructor. • The review should contain fairly recent work (post 1995, and kind of 2000+). While older information can be relevant, the review should aim to provide current knowledge (a â€Å"state of the art review”). Remember you need to have the â€Å"most recent literature” if it is to be â€Å"state of the art”. o You will find that there are classic studies or theoretical papers repetitively cited in the literature. These are the classic (o r seminal) examples of literature in the field. While you would certainly want to refer to these in your review, it would be unneededâ€and probably irrelevantâ€for you to review them. It is primarily permissible to use secondary sources for some Seminal Literature.Remember that if you do not read the original (primary source) article/theory, but rather you are reporting what someone else says, it is found in a secondary source (use appropriate APA referencing format, as cited in). There should be a limited number of secondary sources in your report. • As you write the Review, you will see that you are generating ideas for the Discussion section- next part †(Interpretations, Conclusions and Recommendations). You can â€Å"jump” to the Discussion as you have further understanding the literature. Do it concurrently while writing this part. You will see that you are summarizing, analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept o r theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review. You are organizing, consolidation and synthesizing the literature and preparing to generate your discussion of conclusions and recommendations! • A good review of the literature is more than simply a summary of the research. It is both a critical evaluation of the existing research and a synthesis of that work. You will need to synthesize the literature in some logical manner. This is a skill that develops with practice.As you write things down, review it to see if you are integrating, evaluating, and synthesizing. Are you identifying opposing views, contradictory findings, and gaps in the literature (what questions are being suggested)? Are you bringing clarity to the issues? These will be clearly presented in the Discussion of the analysis, so lay the foundation in this part of the review. • You will see that you are summarizing, but also analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review.You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature! 5 â€Å"big” Instructions on Writing the Review of the Literature About… 1. Organization (APA and Level Headings for the Outline) a. Add the topic to the title of this section, Review of the Literature…About… b. Organize the Review of the Literature according to your literature map and topical outline. Use APA level headings to organize the review in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. c. Present related theoretical literature and research findings together. d. Organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature needs to be highly evident! . The first draft (week 3), at the minimum should contain 1a and b above, and some literature presented as possible. Draft 2 should have this part of the paper close complete. 1. Content and Quality of The oretical Literature: IMPORTANT: Present the theoretical literature systematically and appropriately. Follow these steps responding to a-d a. Introduce the name or title of the theory, model, framework, construct. Do this for each major theory, construct, or concept in your topical outline (sublevel headings). b. cozy critical analysis (what the author(s) say): 1.For each theory, name the major concepts and constructs that organize the theory, and provide the definitions by the author (Semantics) 2. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. 3. Report if the author of the theory provides a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts. 4. nonobligatory: How does the author explain the way the theory developed: Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction); Deduction; Synthesis; Logical empirical approach c.External critical analysis report what the theorist (or other authors) state about theory †Review Lecture notes on these items 1. Social Significance (importance) 2. Social Utility 3. Complexity/Parsimony 4. Discrimination 5. Empirical Validity (Do the author(s) report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations) 6. Social Congruence d. Provide Your critique comments to the above: What needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved?How are linkages between the theory, practice, and research described in the literature? Does this help to understand a fairly common student question: â€Å"How do we use these models and theories in practice? ” Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions about the quality of the theory. INSTRUCTIONS ALSO proceed †NEXT PAGE Example feature 2a, b, c and d (presenti ng theoretical literature):In 1984, Jones introduced his seminal theory of ______________ (based on his qualitative, phenomenological studies about___ (as cited in smith, 2004). This theory identifies 3 major constructs ____________ defined as ___. The major propositions in this theory are ________ (as cited in smith, 2004). In the last 20 years, the theory has been revised and fitting to ___ by ____. Several empirical studies by ___, led to refinement in the theory. dark-brown (2000) developed a schematic model depicting these direct and indirect relationships among concepts, which continues to be examined today (Smith, 2004).This theory is socially epoch-making addressing essential issues about ___ in the discipline of ___, and is useful in explaining, predicting, and discriminating among those with ___ and those without ___. Thus it is a well-developed guide to ___. The theory has a good balance between informality and complexity, contributing to its usefulness. Studies by __ verify the propositions of __. The major proposition with divergenceing results in empirical studies is ___. The theory has been adapted to ___ situations and __ populations. This is the predominant theory used to examine ____ with well-developed propositions and strong empirical support.Competing theories are ___ (cite reference). You would then present these competing theories next.. 3. Content and Quality of Empirical Literature: IMPORTANT: Presents the empirical literature (including scientific investigations, case studies, methodological studies, secondary analyses, meta-analyses) systematically and appropriately, following these guidelines!! :)) a. Introduce the study title (paraphrased †in your own words â€and the â€Å"general” design (in one sentence) b. Explain the purpose of the study is ….And link with paraphrased research questions and hypotheses (these can be abbreviated or paraphrased †not word for word †be brief) c. Discuss the qual ity of the literature review presented by the author and the theories and concepts (or propositions) tested (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed; and experimental, or not experimental design) d. Be straightforward in reporting the specific research design for the qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study) and o Non-Experimental †descriptive, exploratory (cross-sectional, longitudinal, predictive, etc) o Type of Experimental including type of design. . Describe the sampling method (whether or not it was probability or non-probability sampling), the specific type of sampling, the sample size and characteristics of the sample. f. Present the methods of data collection (how were each of the variables are measured-instrumentation), and provide reports of reliability and validity of quantitative the tools/measures and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. This is very important, as you will begin to see how the concepts of interest, are measured. Be fairly declared in describing th ese tools. Include the names of these data collection tools. g.Other procedures (data collection procedures and ethical considerations) h. Present the results †study findings (including hypotheses supported/not-supported), research questions answered? †Don’t restate these word for word †present in an abbreviated or paraphrased manner. i. Very important is to present the â€Å"author’s” (not your) Discussion. The discussion must include the author’s important: o Interpretations o Implications (applications for practice) o Conclusions o Limitations o Recommendations (of utmost importance, are the author’s recommendations for future areas of inquiry, example: future studies).Include this j. Discuss your critique of the article (Introduction, Literature/Theory, Methods, Results, Discussion). Select IMPORTANT POINTS. Based on your summarizing the article, you can now identify strengths and weakness, and areas needing improvement. You can do this as you describe the study or at the end of your description of the study. Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major studies) so that readers have enough information to weigh the results and draw their own Remember that the â€Å"critical analysis of the literature” is not a mere summary (descriptive). onclusions. It is interpretative and evaluative of an area of inquiry of scholarly work. INSTRUCTIONS go on Example follows: USE YOUR CRITIQUE WORKSHEETS AS AN AID IN DEVELOPING THE intro FOR EACH OF THE STUDIES. Example Presenting Empirical Literature †Combining 3a -j above: †Smith (2004) conducted a study about ….. He used a non-experimental, causal comparative, quantitative design, of __ (sample-population). Smith’s literature review was thorough, current and ___ in comparing and contrasting theories about ____.Empirical studies of ___ were examined, leading to the major gap and conflict in the literature abou t_________. This resulted in Smith’s study testing the proposition of ….. developed in 1998 by Jones (as cited in Smith, 2004). A non-prob\r\n'